India’s first In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) baby, and World’s second, Kanupriya, was born in Kolkata on October 3, 1978. The scientific technology behind IVF is known as Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART). Despite India being a hub of surrogacy, there is no legal framework. There are four types of surrogacy: traditional, gestational, commercial and altruistic. Commercial surrogacy […]
Read more "Surrogacy"Books on Constitutional Law are on Judges, Lawyers, occasionally on Politicians. Judges are central actors. The central actor in Rohit De, A People’s Constitution, (Princeton University Press, 2018) is the citizen litigant; private interests assumes public significance. We rarely meet those who have, at least, one positive act to share on Former Hon’ble Chief Justice […]
Read more "The Case of the Honest Prostitute"“There can be no doubt, a mere breach of contract is not in itself a criminal offence. However, as held by this Court in Hridaya Ranjan Prasad, (2000) 4 SCC 168 the distinction between mere breach of contract and cheating, which is a criminal offence, is a fine one. Breach of contract would amount to […]
Read more "Section 482 of The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 III: Deception at Inception"“There is no doubt that the socio-economic factors relating to a convict should be taken into consideration for the purposes of deciding whether to award Life Sentence or Death Sentence. The consideration of socio-economic factors is tied up with another important issue and that is whether the convict has had adequate legal representation. It would […]
Read more "Review of Death Penalty IV"“Reliance was placed on State of Maharashtra v. Shankar Krisanrao Khade, 2008 ALL MR (Cri) 2143. It may be mentioned, en passant, view of Bombay High Court in Shankar was not accepted by this Court in Shankar Kisanrao Khade v. State of Maharashtra, (2013) 5 SCC 546 in Paragraphs 60 and 61.” – Hon’ble Justice Madan […]
Read more "En Passant II"“The issues arising relate to procurement of 36 Rafale Fighter Jets for Indian Airforce. It is our considered opinion/view, extent of permissible judicial review in matters of contracts, procurement, etc. would vary with subject matter of contract and there cannot be any uniform standard or depth of judicial review which could be understood as an […]
Read more "The Nature of Judicial Power: 36 Rafale Fighter Jets"My Lord, Consumer-Disputes are Non-Arbitrable? No. Arbitration Act does not exclude jurisdiction of Consumer Forums to decide Consumer-Disputes under The Consumer Act [Skypak Couriers Ltd., (2000) 5 SCC 294]. If X opts for Arbitration, it may be possible to state, X cannot, subsequently, file a Complaint under The Consumer Act. However, National Seeds Corporation Limited, […]
Read more "Section 8 of The Arbitration Act VI: Arbitrable Disputes"Recently, Hon’ble Justice Ashok Bhushan quoted 650 words of 14th Chief Justice of India, Hon’ble Justice A.N. Ray. These words are to be found in 4 Paragraphs in 2 Judgments. The style is exhibited below: “In Jagir Singh v. State of Bihar, (1976) 2 SCC 942 Court was considering the definition of “owner” as defined […]
Read more "The Revival of Ray X"“Appeal arises from the Judgment of a Learned Single Judge of High Court of Calcutta by which the Respondent’s Application for condoning a delay of 514 days in filing an Application under Section 34 of The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 was allowed. This Court needs to assess whether the benefit of Sections 5 and […]
Read more "Section 34(3) of The Arbirtration Act I"It was decided. 8 December, 1930 would be ‘Operation Simpson Day’. The journey began at 12:00 in the afternoon. Three Men sat in a taxi and headed for the Writers Building. One of them had his Birthday < 50 hours ago. The last ride together. [File No. 59/19/30] 12:30. Cap, coat, tie, trousers, boots – […]
Read more "December 8, 1930"“High Courts are Courts of Record, set up under Article 215 of The Constitution of India. It is clear that these Constitutional Courts, being Courts of Record, the jurisdiction to recall their own Orders is inherent by virtue of the fact that they are Superior Courts of Record. This has been recognized in: National Sewing […]
Read more "Courts of Record"“Though there are different agreements involving several parties, it is a single commercial project. All the parties can be covered by the Arbitration Clause in the main agreement. High Court, in our view, erred in not keeping in view the various clauses in all the three agreements which make them an integral part of the […]
Read more "Section 8 of The Arbitration Act V"It had been considered, in earlier times, that an Arbitration Clause in a Government Contract providing that an employee of the department will be the Sole Arbitrator is neither void nor unenforceable [Indian Oil Corporation Limited, (2009) 8 SCC 520; Ace Pipeline Contracts (P) Ltd., (2007) 5 SCC 304; M.P. Gupta, (2004) 10 SCC 504]. […]
Read more "Departmental Arbitrators"There is no limitation placed on power to review evidence in an Appeal against Acquittal. It is relevant to refer to Lord Russell in Sheo Swarup, (1934) 36 BOM LR 1185; Surajpal Singh, (1952) 3 SCR 193; Muralidhar @ Gidda, (2014) 5 SCC 730 and Ghurey Lal, (2008) 10 SCC 450. “Interference with Judgment of Trial Court, […]
Read more "Setting Aside, Acquittal Orders I"“Equality means parity of treatment under parity of conditions. The rule of parity is the equal treatment of equals in equal circumstances.” – Chief Justice of India, Hon’ble Justice A.N. Ray, State of Kerala v. N.M. Thomas, AIR 1976 SC 490. “The imposition of a penalty in disciplinary proceeding lies in the sole domain of […]
Read more "Principle of Parity I"Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd., ‘first past the post’, has a trade mark called ‘CHYMORAL’ and ‘CHYMORAL FORTE’, which is a drug administered post-surgically for swelling and/or wounds that may arise. They filed a suit against Wockhardt Ltd. for use of the mark ‘CHYMTRAL FORTE’. Fraud is not a necessary element of ‘passing off’ actions [Laxmikant, (2002) […]
Read more "Chymoral Forte v. Chymtral Forte : Acquiescing Passing Off"“A convict is sent to jail with the hope and expectation that he would make amends and get reformed. A positive change on a Death Row Convict should weigh the Court. The conduct of the convict in prison cannot be lost sight of. We are of the view that a time has come where we […]
Read more "Review of Death Penalty III"Sumit was Appellant Swapan’s first cousin, mother’s brother’s son. Appellant ‘kidnapped’, ‘drugged’, ‘throttled’ Sumit, placing ‘ransom calls’ for Rs. 20 Lakhs. Star Witness: Dulal Mahto, Driver, Indica Car No. JH 09D 6666. Unbroken chain of circumstances pointed unequivocally towards guilt. SC remembered well-settled legal propositions. First, Death Penalty is to be imposed only when it […]
Read more "Review of Death Penalty II"I had declared in December, 2014: “It might be very useful to find more instances such as these – with clever scrutiny of the Judge Compositions – in order to find a pattern of how frequently or infrequently an SC Judge alters or refines his Opinion/Judgment during his tenure. Especially if he has held one […]
Read more "Review of Death Penalty I"Every examination must be evaluated for what it is, what it should be and not for what it was, what it could be. Primary duty is to avoid arbitrary results. Correct answers to questions presented in NEET-UG, 2018 was one of the 4 Options offered. Bi-lingual questions were set in English with an Option of […]
Read more "Beauty of NEET, 2018"
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