When the amount mentioned and demanded in a notice sent under Section 138(b) of The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 is different from the amount for which the cheque was issued, would such notice stand valid in eye of law? A notice in terms of Section 138(b) has to be precise while mentioning of the amount […]
Read more "Section 138 Notice II"A transfer of cases under Section 406, Cr.P.C. may be allowed when there is a reasonable apprehension backed by evidence, justice may not be done. A mere convenience or inconvenience of parties may not by itself be sufficient enough to pray for a transfer. Some broad factors which could be kept in mind are, i) […]
Read more "The Real Apprehension in Transferring Cases III"Hon’ble Justice J.B. Pardiwala described, ‘tenure’ is derived from Latin: ‘tenere’, which means ‘to hold’.”[1] In a ‘tenure’ what does one even ‘hold’ considering Hon’ble Justice Dr. D.Y. Chandrachud himself declares, “We may not be masters of our destiny. Nor can we control what life has in store. What we can determine is how we […]
Read more "Justice Dr. D.Y. Chandrachud’s Tenure"Rainbow Papers Limited sought loans from Tourism Finance Corporation of India Limited and issued post-dated cheques which stood dishonoured. Criminal Complaint was filed before Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, Saket Courts, New Delhi. Neeraj Paper Agencies Limited requested initiation of Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process against Rainbow Papers Limited. The scope of nature of proceedings are quite different. […]
Read more "SC Resolves Conflict Between NI Act & IBC"Though a post-dated cheque might be drawn to represent a legally enforceable debt at the time of its drawing, the cheque must represent the legally enforceable debt at the time of encashment. The sum, as represented in the cheque at the time of encashment, was not owed. Since the cheque did not represent the […]
Read more "A Legally Enforceable Debt IV"Sangeetaben Mahendrabhai Patel v. State of Gujarat, (2012) 7 SCC 621 [B.S. Chauhan and J.S. Khehar JJ] followed in V.S. Reddy and Sons v. Muthyala Ramalinga Reddy, Criminal Appeal No. 1285 of 2015 [Dipak Misra and Prafulla C. Pant JJ] has taken a different view from G. Sagar Suri v. State of U.P., (2000) 2 […]
Read more "Referred to Larger Bench XXIX: Double Jeopardy"It is trite to refer to tenets laid down in Palermo and Vienna Conventions. There has been a consensus, acquisition-possession-use-concealing or disguising illicit origin of illegitimately obtained money to evade legal consequences would be money-laundering. However, growth of jurisprudence in this law did not stop or end… _____ We hold, Section 24 of The […]
Read more "Burden of Proof"A mere differential treatment on its own cannot be termed as an anathema to Article 14. When there is a reasonable basis for a classification adopted by taking note of exigencies and diverse situations, Court is not expected to insist on absolute equality by taking a rigid and pedantic view as against a pragmatic one. […]
Read more "Unchartered Ocean of Policy Decision IV"Elucidation on aspect of ‘care’ required to seek statutory protection under Section 131 is to be found in Indian Overseas Bank v. Industrial Chain Concern, (1990) 1 SCC 484. We must be realistic and pragmatic not to narrow down Banker’s protection under Section 131 to make Banker’s position vulnerable. Officers of Banks are not required […]
Read more "Banker’s Protection, The NI Act"The question had been floating for a while. It was January 1, 2019 when I wondered who amongst then Chief Justices of HCs, if elevated, could be our 51st CJI. January 18, 2019 – we finally received an answer. CJI No. 51 would be Hon’ble Justice Sanjiv Khanna who wasn’t ever a Chief Justice of […]
Read more "The Nature of Judicial Power: Article No. 1101"Girdhari Lal Gupta v. D.H. Mehta, (1971) 3 SCC 189; State of Karnataka v. Pratap Chand, (1981) 2 SCC 335; Municipal Corporation of Delhi v. Ram Kishan Rohtagi, (1983) 1 SCC 1; Municipal Corporation of Delhi v. Purshotam Dass Jhunjunwala, (1983) 1 SCC 9; National Small Industries Corporation Limited v. Harmeet Singh Paintal, (2010) 3 […]
Read more "Vicarious Liability"This is a case of cheques, issued pursuant to a deed of compromise, being dishonoured. The dishonour of cheques, issued subsequent to a settlement agreement, would give rise to a fresh cause of action attracting liability under Section 138 and other remedies under civil law and criminal law. A contrary interpretation would lead to contradictory […]
Read more "Settlement Deed Cheque"In light of S.M.S. Pharmaceuticals Ltd. v. Neeta Bhalla, (2005) 8 SCC 89 in addition to asserting Directors are in-charge and responsible for conduct of business, if statutory compliance of Section 141 has been made, it is not open for High Courts to interfere under Section 482, CrPC unless it comes across some unimpeachable, incontrovertible evidence […]
Read more "Section 141, The NI Act II"Offences that are committed as part of the ‘same transaction’ can be tried jointly as per Section 220 of The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. What is meant by ‘same transaction’ is not defined and it seems to us to be a difficult task to undertake a definition. We have not come across a single […]
Read more "Same Transaction"As has been held in Ambika Prasad Mishra v. State of U.P., (1980) 3 SCC 719 every argumentative novelty does not undo a settled position of law. Section 19 of The Limitation Act, 1908 corresponds to Section 18 of The Limitation Act, 1963. Khan Bahadur Shapoor Freedom Mazda v. Durga Prasad, (1962) 1 SCR 140 […]
Read more "The Plea of Limitation XVI: Section 18 of The Limitation Act, 1963"A reading [State of Assam v. Ranga Mahammad, (1967) 1 SCR 454; Jagdish Chander Gupta v. Kajaria Traders (India) Ltd., (1964) 8 SCR 50; Rajasthan State Electricity Board v. Mohan Lal, (1967) 3 SCR 377; CBI v. Braj Bhushan Prasad, (2001) 9 SCC 432; Godfrey Phillips India Ltd. v. State of U.P., (2005) 2 SCC […]
Read more "Civil Sheep & Criminal Wolf"Trial Court completely overlooked and failed to appreciate statutory presumption drawn under Section 118 and Section 139, a point of law notably crystalized in Rohitbhai Jivanlal Patel v. State of Gujarat, (2019) 18 SCC 106. Trial Court ought to have presumed, cheque was issued as consideration for a legally enforceable debt, once signatures were admitted. […]
Read more "Rebuttable Presumption III"Parvez holds a Green Card, enabling him to reside in US. He has resided in US since 1985. Parvez Noordin Lokhandwalla allegedly forged and fabricated the Power of Attorney of Shalin Lokhandawalla. An FIR was registered in 2014. However, between 10.03.2015 and 10.01.2020, Parvez travelled between US and India on 16 occasions. There is no […]
Read more "The Fundamental Right to Travel Abroad"“S.M.S. Pharmaceuticals Ltd. v. Neeta Bhalla, (2005) 8 SCC 89 had occasion to consider the requirements of Section 141. “What is required is that the persons who are sought to be made criminally liable under Section 141 should be at the time the offence was committed, in charge of and responsible to the company for […]
Read more "Section 141, The NI Act I"“We are of view, whenever accused has questioned financial capacity of complainant in support of his probable defence, despite presumption under Section 139 about presumption of a legally enforceable debt and such presumption is rebuttable, thereafter onus shifts again on complainant to prove his financial capacity and complainant is required to lead evidence to prove […]
Read more "Rebuttable Presumption II"
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