Train No. 2102, Jnaneshwari Express

“There cannot be no manner of doubt on the proposition that Article 21 rights are placed on a pedestal, and rightly so, at the same time, though, the individual cannot always be the centre of attention.” – Hon’ble Justice Sanjay Karol, Central Bureau of Investigation v. Dayamoy Mahato, 2025 INSC 1418.

Transgender Protection Cell / The Revival of Ray XCVIII

It is an eye-opener for one and all. In State of Kerala v. N.M. Thomas, (1976) 2 SCC 310, A.N. Ray, CJ (as he then was), noted, varying needs of different classes of persons require special treatment. It was cautioned, equality cannot mean absolute equality. In other words, equality would only mean parity of treatment […]

Intentionally, Voluntarily

It may be necessary to have a look at Section 133 of The Customs Act, 1962 which is analogous to Section 186 of The Indian Penal Code, 1860. In our considered opinion, the expression ‘intentionally’ used in Section 133 and the expression ‘voluntarily’ used in Section 186 connote the same meaning. Court while construing the […]

Compensatory Jurisprudence of Constitutional Courts XV : Custodial Violence II

Khursheed [Police Constable-Baramulla] on 17/02/2023 received a signal from Aijaz Ahmad Naiko [Deputy Superintendent of Police-Kupwara] to report on 20/02/2023. The unprecedented gravity of this case involving brutal and inhuman custodial torture, characterised by complete mutilation of Khursheed’s genitalia, represents one of the most barbaric instances of Police atrocity which State is trying to defend […]

Spill the Beans

R.M. Malkani v. State of Maharashtra, (1973) 2 SCR 417 is locus classicus on determining admissibility of a tape-recorded conversation. When this Court decided Yusufalli Esmail Nagree v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1968 SC 147 and R.M. Malkani, devices like tape-recorders and microphones were carefully placed in a space wherein conversations could be secretly recorded […]

Narco-Analysis

For purposes of clarity, a narco-analysis test is an interrogation method whereby a suspect of a crime is injected with a psychoactive drug under controlled conditions to suppress their reasoning power or ability to determine what is good/bad for themselves. Selvi v. State of Karnataka, (2010) 7 SCC 263 held involuntary administration of this test […]

Referred to Larger Bench XL: Minister’s Spouse

We reiterate, suspicion, however strong, cannot take place of evidence. – Hon’ble Justice Ahsanuddin Amanullah, P. Nallammal v. State, [Criminal Appeal No. 2489 of 2025]. Our disagreement is on culpability of P. Nallammal, Wife of since deceased A.M Paramasivam. There is no doubt, mere registration of ‘disproportionate assets’ in name of a Public Servant’s Relative […]

Judges & Politicians & Social Media

Were this an ordinary civil suit, we could have possibly applied ‘preponderance of probabilities’ which may have resulted in some leeway and latitude in favour of D. Kumar (Election Petitioner) and against A. Raja. However, as per J. Chandrasekhara Rao v. V. Jagapathi Rao, 1993 Supp (2) SCC 229 and M. Chandra v. M. Thangamuthu, […]

Mini Trial

R.P. Kapur v. State of Punjab, 1960 SCC OnLine SC 21 enumerated category of cases where inherent powers may be invoked to quash a criminal proceeding. But, “High Court would not embark upon an enquiry as to whether evidence in question is reliable or not. Ordinarily it would not be open to any party to […]

The Najakat Conflict

Although in Paragraph 45 of State of Maharashtra v. Najakat Alia Mubarak Ali, (2001) 6 SCC 311 view of Hon’ble K.T. Thomas J did have concurrence of Hon’ble S.N. Phukan J, bare reading of view expressed in Paragraph 44 accords with dissenting view of Hon’ble R.P. Sethi J. We attempted a reconciliation of conflicting views. […]

Disciplinary Proceedings XI

In a battle between a mighty lion and a weak lamb, should Courts put those weak to sword for not having demonstrated ‘prejudice’ when a brazen violation of law declared by a Constitution Bench is brought to its notice? Why should those mighty not be made answerable as to why an enquiry report has not […]

Compensatory Jurisprudence of Constitutional Courts XIV

Constitution Bench of this Court in Union of India v. H.C. Goel, AIR 1964 SC 364, pointed out, in carrying out purpose of rooting out corruption, mere suspicion should not be allowed to take place of proof even in domestic enquiries. That scrupulous care should be taken to see innocent are not punished, applies as […]

The Doctrine of Prospective Overruling III

Manoj Parihar v. State of Jammu and Kashmir, (2022) 14 SCC 72 opined, Doctrine of Prospective Overruling must be exercised in explicit terms and therefore, law declared by this Court would have a retrospective effect unless stated otherwise. It would not be an absolute rule, prospective overruling or prospective operation of a decision must be […]

Ghosts in Higher Educational Institutions

Ayush Ashna was found dead on 08.07.2023 in his Hostel Room in Udaigiri Hostel, IIT, New Delhi. Anil Kumar was found dead on 01.09.2023 in his Hostel Room No. in Vindhyanchal Hostel, IIT Delhi. Police closed the matter saying, Ayush and Anil were unable to cope with pressure of their respective studies and in such […]

Custodial Interrogation Evidence

Driver of Kashmir University-Ghulam Nabi Dar alleged, on 06.04.1990 at about 04.20 PM, Vice Chancellor-Dr. Mushir-ul-Haq and Personal Secretary-Abdul Gani Zargar were kidnapped by armed terrorists outside Sadarbal Gate. Subsequently, dead bodies of Dr. Mushir-ul- Haq and Abdul Gani Zargar were recovered on 10.04.1990. Investigation revealed, Hilal Beg, Chief Commander of Jammu & Kashmir Students […]

The Real Apprehension in Transferring Cases III

A transfer of cases under Section 406, Cr.P.C. may be allowed when there is a reasonable apprehension backed by evidence, justice may not be done. A mere convenience or inconvenience of parties may not by itself be sufficient enough to pray for a transfer. Some broad factors which could be kept in mind are, i) […]

Moral Turpitude IV

Section 4(6)(b)(ii) of The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 enables ‘forfeiture of gratuity’, wholly or partially, if delinquent employee is terminated for any act which constitutes an offence involving ‘moral turpitude’, if offence is committed in course of his employment. The provision of ‘forfeiture of gratuity’ does not speak of a conviction in a criminal proceeding. […]

Review of Death Penalty XLIII

“We may reiterate, therefore, the certificate required under Section 65B(4) is a condition precedent to admissibility of evidence by way of electronic record, as correctly held in Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer, (2014) 10 SCC 473.” Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal, (2020) 3 SCC 216 referred and Three-Judge Bench in Arjun Panditrao Khotkar […]

Restitution of Conjugal Rights

Will a Husband, who secures a decree for restitution of conjugal rights, stand absolved of paying maintenance to his Wife if his Wife refuses to return to her matrimonial home? After having secured said restitution decree, Dinesh did nothing! He neither sought execution under Order XXI, Rule 32 CPC nor did he seek a divorce […]

Carrying Drugs on Private Ships

Court is of view, a seized vehicle is not liable to confiscation if owner can prove, the seized vehicle was used by accused without his knowledge or connivance and he had taken all reasonable precautions against such use of the seized vehicle by accused. Court is of opinion, there is no specific bar/restriction under The […]

The Last Word

A Diversion for Lawyers and Others

Criminal Law